Gods

Gods: "It turned out the fancy new satellite was like a giant aerospace magnifying glass. It was put into space to intensify and direct the sun’s rays to the new high tech solar power plant."

LIFE GOES ROUND AND ROUND AND ROUND....

ONE Dream, ONE Vision... WAKE UP and Participate NOW:


“The more significant, and I believe the real issue at hand here, is the damage that is being done to the population by injection of these vaccines and the precedent that has been set for the government to institute vaccines for future fake or manufactured pandemics.

Is this a dream or a nightmare? Is it my imagination or have we lost our minds? It is surreal. It is just not believable. A grand absurdity. A great deception. A delusion of momentous proportions based on preposterous notions and ideas whose time should never have come …

Insanity passed off as logic.…Evil described as virtue. Ignorance pawned off as wisdom. Slavery sold as liberty. The philosophy that destroys us is not even defined. We have broken from reality, a psychotic nation. Ignorance with a pretense of knowledge replacing wisdom..

Money does not grow on trees, nor does prosperity come from a government printing press that escalates deficit that are being spent on a failed warfare and welfare system. A central bank that deliberately destroys the value of the currency in secrecy without restraint.”

Upcoming sustainability discussion group with astronaut Edgar Mitchell | Daily Loaf

Upcoming sustainability discussion group with astronaut Edgar Mitchell | Daily Loaf: "he will tell about the promise of solar collectors in space beaming down focused energy"

Thank You Jesus Christ for Creating The Way of Your Word!
I KNEW we would do it!!!

I Love You Dearest Loving Lord Jesus Christ.

Global Sustainability

Florida Institute of Noetic Sciences (FL-IONS)

Global Sustainability

with

Edgar Mitchell ScD

Lunar Astronaut & IONS Founder

Saturday, December 5, 2009

10 am – 5 pm

Earth is at a “tipping point”

Consciousness is shifting

This heart-full gathering will be a day to honor and celebrate our common work. In World Café (www.theworldcafe.com) and Open Space (www.openspaceworld.org) dialogue, we will share what we passionately care about, what makes us feel alive and happy, what inspires us to make a difference.

Unitarian-Universalist Church

11400 Morris Bridge Road Tampa, FL 33637 813-988-8188 http://www.uutampa.org

$40 per person / $55 at the door* (cash or check)

*Student Discounts and a Limited number of Scholarships available upon request.

For more information contact: Sharon Joy Kleitsch 727-550-9660, kleitsch@verizon.net

For more about the Institute of Noetic Sciences, featured in Dan Brown’s book,

The Lost Symbol, check out www.noetic.org

For more information about Dr. Edgar Mitchell,

please visit his website at: www.edmitchellapollo14.com

Obama is the New Lincoln

If Obama is the New Lincoln, What Should Be Expected
The New US president has made many references to his respect and admiration for the assassinated US Civil War era president Lincoln. Mr. Obama went so far as to even swear his oath upon the Lincoln Bible. Though modern US mythology paints Lincoln as a great defender and champion of freedom and human rights, a close study of history paints a very different and very disturbing alternate image.Few leaders in the history of humanity have been so absolutely white washed as has Abraham Lincoln. A man who over turned, ignored and trampled upon the very laws he was sworn to protect, a man who had nothing but contempt for the slaves he supposedly freed which he did not, a man who ruled as a tyrant absolute was recreated, post his assassination, into one of the greatest heroes of America and champions of the very Constitution he mocked. This is the true power of American PR, not only to fool the world, but to truly cleanse the minds of its own population, of historic truth.So, we, dear reader, shall now endeavor to pull back the curtain on the real Abraham Lincoln and will see what, if Obama is the new Lincoln, to expect.Who was Abraham Lincoln? To get to the bottom of what this Railroad Lawyer, who represented some of the most powerful northern oligarchs of their time, was, one must look at who and what the Republican Party of the United States was/is. However, to do that, one must take a further step back to the year 1848 and the Forty Eighters.Amongst the ill informed masses of America, some of the people are aware of the Russian Revolution of 1917, though fewer still the actual causes. Most have been fed on a tonic of: the evil Tsar this and the evil Tsar that. Fewer still remember the 1905 Marxist revolution that was crushed in the Russian empire and all but none know of the first Marxist revolutions, that of 1848 (though it may be argued that the French Revolution was a proto-Marxist revolution in and of itself). In the year 1848, armed with the Communist Manifesto and Marx's wealth club of financiers: the League of Just Men, Socialists and Marxists rose up in 18 separate revolts, throughout central Europe. The kings of Europe crushed these revolts and those instigators who were not arrested and rightly hung, fled to the United States and Canada. Some fled to England but of those, most wore out their welcome rather quickly. Four thousand 48ers escaped to America, taking new careers in the virgin land, as journalists, teachers and politicians, where Marx is still a god to this day.Thus men such as Friedrich Annete, a Prussian officer discharged for membership of the Communist League in Prussia or Carl Schurz, another German communist who fled to America and after a stint became one of the founders of the Republican Party in 1854. After Abraham Lincoln’s election he became envoy to Spain. Upon his return from Spain, this Marxist was awarded the rank of Major General and command of the 3rd Division, Army of the Potomac. After the war he became editor and chief of the Detroit Post. Yes, that is correct, the Republican Party of America was founded by Socialists and Marxists. Is it any surprise at how Bush and others have acted on the world stage?As a matter of fact, there were many Marxists who founded the Republican Party, got Lincoln elected and were rewarded by him. Let us explore a few more:Franze Sigel, born in Baden, Germany, a former Prussian officer who took part in the 1848 revolution and fled to the United States via Switzerland and than England. Prior to the Civil War, he rose up to be the head of the public school district of St. Louis. That is correct, the northern Midwest, Lincoln's old stomping grounds. He entered the Union Army as a Colonel, commander of the 3rd Missouri and was quickly promoted to Brigadier General. By 1862 he was a Major General. After the war, Sigel became a journalist. Notice a pattern?Jospeh Weydemeyer, a former Prussian officer who became a true follower of Marx in 1845 and a member of the League of Communists, he also took part in the 1848 uprising. He at first stayed on in Germany, becoming a journalist and an editor of several Marxists newspapers. Eventually, in 1851, he immigrated to the United States. In New York, he established the Die Revolution, a German Marxist newspaper where he republished Marx's works, with whom he regularly corresponded. He also formed America's first Marxist organization, with four friends, the American Workers' League, in 1853. That is correct, within two years of landing in America, this particular Marxist had already established an organization and a news paper to radicalize the North.When the Republican Party was founded, Weydemeyer worked tirelessly to bring the German vote to this new Red entity. During this time, he had moved to the Midwest, Lincoln's stomping grounds, and worked as a full time journalist, agitating for Lincoln, from the city of Chicago. Is it any wonder that Chicago's politics are still the dirtiest and most socialist of America?In 1860 he joined the US Army and became a tactical aid on the staff of General John C. Fremont. With the start of the Civil War, he became a colonel of the artillery. After a nervous break down, he left the military in 1865, after spending the rest of the war in St. Louis on garrison duty. After the war he was a journalist and than a politician.Another stellar example is Friedrich Salomon, yet another Prussian officer and Marxist and the brother of Wisconsin's governor Edward Salomon. Friedrich raised a regiment of the 9th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, to fight for the Union and his Republican brothers. Edward Salomon, upheld Lincoln's edict on the draft by declaring that the draft would be upheld at any cost, arresting hundreds of demonstrators. Though the draft was highly unpopular, a Marxist like Edward made sure that one in nine citizens served in the Union Army. Friedrich was soon promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and his position was taken by his third brother Charles.Fritze Anneke, a former officer of the Artillery of the Prussian Army, a 48er and a US colonel, commanding the 34th Wisconsin. Before the war, he was a poet and playwright as well as a journalist. The media take over by the Left, in America, is a very old campaign.Konrad Krez, Colonel of the 27th Wisconsin, he fled from Prussia after taking part in the 1848 uprising. Before the war, he became a lawyer in Milwaukee.Richard Hinton, a stone cutter from England, who came to the US in 1851, to New York City. In New York, he became a printer and then a reporter. He then moved to Kansas and agitated there. In 1862 he formed the First Kansas Colored Regiment, of which he became the colonel, some time in 1864. He continued to write until he was appointed to several positions in the Federal Government under the administration of Ulysses S. Grant.Even a famous American face such as Allan Pinkerton, the founder of the Pinkerton Detective agency (who often shot strikers for his Marxist oligarch masters, there's workers' rights for you, much like in any real Marxist state) was a Republican and an admirer and financier of the radical John Brown. He was once quoted as telling his son that John Brown was a greater man than Napoleon or Washington.Other prominent Union officers and Republicans were also Marxists. Amongst these were men such as:Louis Blenker, a Brigadier General, whose division, the 8th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, of which he was a colonel before being raised in rank, was famous for looting much of central Virginia, inspiring the term "blinkered". A former goldsmith and doctor and an officer of the Prussian army. In 1848 he led an insurgent corp. against the King of Prussia and was crushed. His overall service was poor, supply shoddy and he was mustered out in 1863.Robert Rosa, major of the 45th New York Infantry and member of the New York Communist Club.August Wilich, a former Prussian officer and leading proponent of Prussian communism. He also fled Germany in 1848, via England, landing in America. In Ohio he worked as a carpenter, until 1858, when he became a journalist, editing a German language free labor newspaper. In August 1861, he was a major in the 9th Ohio Infantry, working actively to enlist German immigrants. That winter he became colonel. After several battles, he was a brigadier general in 1862, now in command of the 32nd Indiana.There were many more, of course, but I do not wish to bore you. So it is needless to say, that Lincoln's Union Army was thoroughly populated by an officer corps made up of socialists and Marxists. Many were journalists and many of the remaining journalists were Marxists also, those that is that Lincoln did not imprison without charges or trial. As one prominent American communist journalist put it, a fellow named Karl Heinzen: "If you have to blow up half a continent and cause a blood bath to destroy the party of barbarism, you should have no scruples or conscious [about doing it]."Carl Marx, himself, worked as a foreign correspondent for the Horace Greeley's New York Tribune. He was hired by another communist, the managing editor of the paper, Charles Dana, who later became Lincoln’s Assistant Secretary of War. That was when the Department of Defense was properly still called the Department of War, what it has always been.During Lincoln's campaign, Marx cheered him on, calling him "The single minded son of the working class." Marx even wrote a personal letter of congratulations to Lincoln, on both of his elections, letters that were hand delivered by the US ambassador to England. Praise from Marx and his communists continued to fall upon Lincoln and even through the 1930s, the Communist Party of New York celebrated a Lincoln-Lenin Day. Marx was also very active in drumming up support in England and France to stymie their recognition of the Confederacy and the loaning of aid for its survival.So now we come to the rule of Lincoln himself.I apologize, dear reader, if it took so long to get here, but one must understand what the party of Lincoln, the Republican party stood for and who manned the military and surrounded Lincoln.Americans as a whole love the tired and worn out myth of loving their freedom, their constitution and their rights and being willing to die for them. Nothing could be further from the truth, well at least in the North.In the 1850s, as the Republican Party came to power, they and their Whig allies, in order to help their Marxist oligarchs and financial backers, while building the Imperial Federal government, placed heavy export duties on American goods. At that point, most of those goods came out of the South. Thus it came to pass that 30% of the American population was paying for 70% of the Federal budget. The government was growing quickly, making an onerous yoke upon the people. However, the German/English stock of the North seemed to enjoy this, while the Scots Irish of the South chaffed. As such, at this point, with the election of Abraham Lincoln, a dedicated Red, the Southern states, in their individual assemblies voted overwhelmingly to secede, as was their right at the time under the US Constitution.Lincoln and the Republicans would have none of that. The problem was, much of the North was against any kind of war and while choosing not to leave the Union, actively supported the South's rights. To that end, Lincoln suspended the right of Habeas Corpus and without charges, began the mass arrests of his enemies and critics. With Republicans and Whigs the majority of Congress, his edicts were rubber stamped, little different from those of another despot in the 1930s and 1940s, Adolph Hitler and his Reichstag.In total, 48,000 people were imprisoned by Lincoln, without trial, their lands confiscated, their reputations destroyed, their lives ruined, all this by the "champion" of the Constitution, as he is now called. Amongst these were prominent journalists, editors and politicians. In short, Lincoln all but wiped out the old conservative press of America. He further forbade the post service from delivering any newspaper or magazine that dared to criticize him.Military police would storm through doors in the middle of the night, arresting Lincoln's opponents with out warrant or charges. Military prisons were quickly filled up. Congressman Vallandigham from Ohio, who had made speeches defending the Constitution, had his own door busted down at 0230hrs on 3 May 1863. He was first imprisoned and tried by a military commission and than deported from the US. That is correct, a Congressman from the US Congress. It is rather interesting that in his last speech before his arrest, he stated that for those who supported Lincoln: Defeat, debt, taxation [and] sepulchers - these are your trophies. He further denounce King Lincoln.You see, General Burnside had declared that there was a full suspension of the freedom of speech and assembly in the military district of Ohio.Did the American public rise up? In majority no, though there were protests and draft riots, to which Lincoln answered with rank fire from his infantry divisions, mowing down protestors. Yet to all this, the country of 1860s did not rise up in rage.When the state senate of Maryland voted to stay in the Union but not to condemn the Confederacy for leaving, Lincoln had half the senate arrested. They were soon joined by the mayor of Baltimore. This is the same Lincoln who at Gettysburg proclaimed: "A government of the People, by the People, for the People."It is rather ironic that, the grandson of Frances Scott Key, Frances Key Howard, editor of a newspaper critical of Lincoln, was imprisoned at the very same prison as his grandfather had been by the British: Ft. McHenry, Baltimore.Lincoln's audacity went so far as to even issue an arrest warrant for the 83 year old Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger Taney, who ruled that several of Lincoln's commands and orders were anti-constitutional. His arrest was never carried out, though, as the political whip lash may have been to great even for Lincoln to bare.Lincoln, of course, as any good despot, had many willing sociopaths to go along with his plans. Amongst these were Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton, the Civil War governor of Indiana and a founding Republican. During the war he set up a secret police to monitor any pro-Confederacy sentiment and crush all opposition to Lincoln's decrees. The police were run under Henry B. Carrington, a Brigadier General in the Union Army. Arbitrary arrests, suppression of the Bill of Rights were the norm, resulting in a state wide repression.Thus, Lincoln was a tyrant by no small degree. Even one of Lincoln's greatest apologists, the historian Clinton Rossiter, in the "Constitutional Dictatorship" writes: "Dictatorship played a decisive role in the North's successful effort to maintain the Union by force of arms...one man was the government of the United States...Lincoln was a great dictator. The great constitutional dictator was self appointed."Thus, it should be no surprise, that when Lincoln launched his war against the South, it was a soulless, murderous war, one that in modern day would have drawn a war trial and a hanging. While the Union generally lost its early battles, it spared little thought to the morality of raping and pillaging those areas it could actually hold. When Lincoln found his butcher Ulysses S. Grant and his mass pillager and rapist, William Sherman, blood flowed in rivers, both Union blood in head on steam roller meat grinder tactics and the blood of southern civilians massacred and burned out.After his March to the Sea, Sherman wrote in his memoirs, Lincoln came to see him. He asked him to tell him stories about the march and laughed with full heart at those of the worst pillaging and destruction of the South. Lincoln the gentle and carrying indeed. This is the same march that saw 2,000 Southern women shipped north into slave labor in Union factories.In light of all this, General Robert E. Lee, shortly before his death, in 1870, had this to say to the governor of Texas: "Governor (of Texas), if I had foreseen the use that those people designed to make of their victory, there would have been no surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. No sir, not by me. Had I foreseen these results of subjugation, I would have preferred to die at Appomattox with my men...my sword in my right hand."Before we finish, there are a few other things that should be brought to light about Lincoln’s "great" works. For example: to pay for the war, Lincoln instituted fiat currency, which was later, after his death, removed. Yes that is directly against the constitution of America, with the 1863 National Currency Act, which also created a central bank. As a supporter of Alexander Hamilton's centralized economy, Lincoln started growing the behemoth that is the United States socialist government. Even the American term "Bombing People Back to the Stone Ages" came into use then, during the murderous siege of Vicksburg by the Union Army and Navy.But surely, you say, Lincoln did at least one good thing: he freed the slaves. Right? Wrong.Lincoln in his own words:Fourth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Charleston, Illinois, September 18, 1858:"I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in anyway the social and political equality of the white and black races - that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race. I say upon this occasion I do not perceive that because the white man is to have the superior position the negro should be denied everything."Lincoln - Letter to Horance Greeley (a Marxist) editor of the New York Tribune, 22 Aug 1862:"My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the Union and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I cold save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it."Lincoln-Douglas Debates:"I have no purpose to introduce political and social equality between white and black races and I have never said anything to the contrary."Lincoln - Eulogy of Henry Clay, 1852:"There is a moral fitness to the idea of returning to Africa her children." In other words, forced recolonization/repatriation to Africa of free and slave blacks from all over the Union.Lincoln- To Congress 1862:"I cannot make it any better known than it already is that I strongly favor colonization."Even the Emancipation Proclamation was a publicity stunt since it freed no slaves in Union States, such as Maryland or New York nor in Union held territories, such as parts of Virginia, Tennessee, the barrier islands of North Carolina. It effected to free slaves, in an independent country, which was busy enough freeing its own slaves as free men in the Confederate Army. An example is that half the Confederate Artillery at Bull Run was black or that 10,000 blacks were enlisted in the Army of Tennessee as rifle carrying soldiers.So, if President Obama truly means to become America's second Lincoln, what does America have to look forward to? Fear, oppression and dictatorship.

Obama Orders Billions Secreted To Making “Mark Of Beast” Microchip

Obama Orders Billions Secreted To Making “Mark Of Beast” Microchip: "The answer to these questions, this report chillingly continues, lies buried deep within the over 1,000 pages of the massive US Health Care Bill (PDF) in a “non-discussed” section titled: Subtitle C-11 Sec. 2521— National Medical Device Registry, and which states its purpose as:

“The Secretary shall establish a national medical device registry (in this subsection referred to as the ‘registry’) to facilitate analysis of postmarket safety and outcomes data on each device that—‘‘(A) is or has been used in or on a patient; and ‘‘(B) is a class III device; or ‘‘(ii) a class II device that is implantable.”

In “real world speak”, according to this report, this new law, when fully implemented, provides the framework for making the United States the first Nation in the World to require each and every one of its citizens to have implanted in them a radio-frequency identification (RFID) microchip for the purpose of controlling who is, or isn’t, allowed medical care in their country."

Mat Rodina: American Capitalism Gone With a Whimper

American Capitalism Gone With a Whimper

It must be said, that like the breaking of a great dam, the American decent into Marxism is happening with breath taking speed, against the back drop of a passive, hapless sheeple, excuse me dear reader, I meant people.

True, the situation has been well prepared on and off for the past century, especially the past twenty years. The initial testing grounds was conducted upon our Holy Russia and a bloody test it was. But we Russians would not just roll over and give up our freedoms and our souls, no matter how much money Wall Street poured into the fists of the Marxists.

Those lessons were taken and used to properly prepare the American populace for the surrender of their freedoms and souls, to the whims of their elites and betters.

First, the population was dumbed down through a politicized and substandard education system based on pop culture, rather then the classics. Americans know more about their favorite tv dramas then the drama in DC that directly affects their lives. They care more for their "right" to choke down a McDonalds burger or a BurgerKing burger than for their constitutional rights. Then they turn around and lecture us about our rights and about our "democracy". Pride blindth the foolish.

Then their faith in God was destroyed, until their churches, all tens of thousands of different "branches and denominations" were for the most part little more then Sunday circuses and their televangelists and top protestant mega preachers were more then happy to sell out their souls and flocks to be on the "winning" side of one pseudo Marxist politician or another. Their flocks may complain, but when explained that they would be on the "winning" side, their flocks were ever so quick to reject Christ in hopes for earthly power. Even our Holy Orthodox churches are scandalously liberalized in America.

The final collapse has come with the election of Barrack Obama/ His speed in the past three months has been truly impressive. His spending and money printing has been a record setting, not just in America's short history but in the world. If this keeps up for more then another year, and there is no sign that it will not, America at best will resemble the Wiemar Republic and at worst Zimbabwe.

These past two weeks have been the most breath taking of all. First came the announcement of a planned redesign of the American Byzantine tax system, by the very thieves who used it to bankroll their thefts, loses and swindles of hundreds of billions of dollars. These make our Russian oligarchs look little more then ordinary street thugs, in comparison. Yes, the Americans have beat our own thieves in the shear volumes. Should we congratulate them?

These men, of course, are not an elected panel but made up of appointees picked from the very financial oligarchs and their henchmen who are now gorging themselves on trillions of American dollars, in one bailout after another. They are also usurping the rights, duties and powers of the American congress (parliament). Again, congress has put up little more then a whimper to their masters.

Then came Barrack Obama's command that GM's (General Motor) president step down from leadership of his company. That is correct, dear reader, in the land of "pure" free markets, the American president now has the power, the self given power, to fire CEOs and we can assume other employees of private companies, at will. Come hither, go dither, the centurion commands his minions.

So it should be no surprise, that the American president has followed this up with a "bold" move of declaring that he and another group of unelected, chosen stooges will now redesign the entire automotive industry and will even be the guarantee of automobile policies. I am sure that if given the chance, they would happily try and redesign it for the whole of the world, too. Prime Minister Putin, less then two months ago, warned Obama and UK's Blair, not to follow the path to Marxism, it only leads to disaster. Apparently, even though we suffered 70 years of this Western sponsored horror show, we know nothing, as foolish, drunken Russians, so let our "wise" Anglo-Saxon fools find out the folly of their own pride.

Again, the American public has taken this with barely a whimper...but a "freeman" whimper.

So, should it be any surprise to discover that the Democratically controlled Congress of America is working on passing a new regulation that would give the American Treasury department the power to set "fair" maximum salaries, evaluate performance and control how private companies give out pay raises and bonuses? Senator Barney Franks, a social pervert basking in his homosexuality (of course, amongst the modern, enlightened American societal norm, as well as that of the general West, homosexuality is not only not a looked down upon life choice, but is often praised as a virtue) and his Marxist enlightenment, has led this effort. He stresses that this only affects companies that receive government monies, but it is retroactive and taken to a logical extreme, this would include any company or industry that has ever received a tax break or incentive.

The Russian owners of American companies and industries should look thoughtfully at this and the option of closing their facilities down and fleeing the land of the Red as fast as possible. In other words, divest while there is still value left.

The proud American will go down into his slavery with out a fight, beating his chest and proclaiming to the world, how free he really is. The world will only snicker.

Posted by Stanislav at 10:37 AM

Farm Sanctuary | Watkins Glen, NY

Farm Sanctuary | Watkins Glen, NY: "Farm Sanctuary
works to end cruelty to farm animals and promotes compassionate living through rescue, education and advocacy. We envision a world where the violence that animal agriculture inflicts upon people, animals and the environment has ended, and where instead we exercise values of compassion."

Secrecy News

Secrecy News: "Secrecy News
Secrecy News from the FAS Project on Government Secrecy"

Rep. Rush Holt (D-NJ) has suggested that the time may have come to undertake a comprehensive review of U.S. intelligence agency activities and operations on the scale of the 1976 Church Committee investigation. See “Holt Calls for Next Church Committee on CIA” by Spencer Ackerman, The Washington Independent, July 27, 2009.

Building Technology

Building Technology: "Building Technology
Advancing social and environmental justice within the building industry through inspired and globally conscious research."

We intend for this blog to serve as a dynamic link to the FAS Building Technology Program’s research, as well as a source for dialog and information on program research topics. The blog will investigate a number of policy issues regarding building technologies, energy, and climate change, including the need for improved codes and standards. It will also look into new building technologies that can minimize energy use while maintaining or improving safety and comfort, high performance emergency and manufactured housing, and other inventive solutions for improving our nation’s building stock and reducing the impact of buildings on our environment.

For more information on the FAS Building Technologies Program, please visit www.fas.org

Project MKULTRA - Wikipedia

Project MKULTRA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: "Project MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert CIA mind-control and chemical interrogation research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence. The program began in the early 1950s, continuing at least through the late 1960s, and it used United States citizens as its test subjects.[1][2][3] The published evidence indicates that Project MK-ULTRA involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methods, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.

Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress, through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission. Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small number of documents that survived Helms' destruction order.[4]"

"MKULTRA" redirects here. For other uses, see MKULTRA (disambiguation).

Declassified MKULTRA documents

Project MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert CIA mind-control and chemical interrogation research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence. The program began in the early 1950s, continuing at least through the late 1960s, and it used United States citizens as its test subjects.^[1][2][3] The published evidence indicates that Project MK-ULTRA involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methods, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.

Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress, through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission. Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small number of documents that survived Helms' destruction order.^[4]

Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind control research continued. In a 1977 interview, Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a "cover story."^[5][6]

On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator Ted Kennedy said:

The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations." At least one death, that of Dr. Olson, resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers.^[7]

To this day most specific information regarding Project MKULTRA remains highly classified information.^{[citation needed]}

Contents 1 Title and origins 2 Goals 3 Budget 4 Experiments 4.1 Drugs 4.1.1 LSD 4.1.2 Other drugs 4.2 Hypnosis 4.3 Canadian experiments 5 Revelation 6 U.S. General Accounting Office Report 7 Deaths 8 Legal issues involving informed consent 9 Extent of participation 10 Notable subjects 11 Conspiracy theories 12 Popular culture 13 See also 14 Footnotes 15 Further reading 16 External links

Title and origins

Dr. Sidney Gottlieb approved of an MKULTRA subproject on LSD in this June 9, 1953 letter.

The project's intentionally oblique CIA cryptonym is made up of the digraph MK, meaning that the project was sponsored by the agency's Technical Services Division, followed by the word ULTRA (which had previously been used to designate the most secret classification of World War II intelligence). Other related cryptonyms include MK-NAOMI and MK-DELTA.

A precursor of the MK-ULTRA program began in 1945 when the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was established and given direct responsibility for Operation Paperclip. Operation Paperclip was a program to recruit former Nazi scientists. Some of these scientists studied torture and brainwashing, and several had just been identified and prosecuted as war criminals during the Nuremberg Trials.^[8][9]

Several secret U.S. government projects grew out of Operation Paperclip. These projects included Project CHATTER (established 1947), and Project BLUEBIRD (established 1950), which was later renamed to Project ARTICHOKE in 1951. Their purpose was to study mind-control, interrogation, behavior modification and related topics.

Headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the MK-ULTRA project was started on the order of CIA director Allen Dulles on April 13, 1953,^[10] largely in response to Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea.^[11] The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was also interested in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques,^[12] and would later invent several schemes to drug Fidel Castro.

Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent.^[13] In some cases, academic researchers being funded through grants from CIA front organizations were unaware that their work was being used for these purposes.^[14]

In 1964, the project was renamed MK-SEARCH. The project attempted to produce a perfect truth drug for use in interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control.

Another MK-ULTRA effort, Subproject 54, was the Navy's top secret "Perfect Concussion" program, which used sub-aural frequency blasts to erase memory.^[15]

Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA Director Richard Helms, it has been difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MK-ULTRA and related CIA programs.^[16]

Goals

The Agency poured millions of dollars into studies probing dozens of methods of influencing and controlling the mind. One 1955 MK-ULTRA document gives an indication of the size and range of the effort; this document refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as follows:^[17]

1. Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public.
2. Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception.
3. Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
4. Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
5. Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so that they may be used for malingering, etc.
6. Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness.
7. Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain-washing".
8. Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use.
9. Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use.
10. Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute anemia, etc.
11. Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down.
12. Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced.
13. A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning.
14. Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts.
15. Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects.
16. A knockout pill which can surreptitiously be administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc., which will be safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis.
17. A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to perform any physical activity whatsoever.

Historians have asserted that creating a "Manchurian Candidate" subject through "mind control" techniques was a goal of MK-ULTRA and related CIA projects.^[18]

Budget

A secretive arrangement granted a percentage of the CIA budget. The MK-ULTRA director was granted six percent of the CIA operating budget in 1953, without oversight or accounting.^[19] An estimated US$10m or more was spent^[20].

Experiments

CIA documents suggest that "chemical, biological and radiological" means were investigated for the purpose of mind control as part of MK-ULTRA.^[21]

Drugs

LSD

Early efforts focused on LSD, which later came to dominate many of MK-ULTRA's programs.

Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject's knowledge or informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code that the U.S. agreed to follow after World War II.

Efforts to "recruit" subjects were often illegal, even discounting the fact that drugs were being administered (though actual use of LSD, for example, was legal in the United States until October 6, 1966). In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were dosed with LSD, the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors, and the sessions were filmed for later viewing and study.^[22]

Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in many of these cases, the subjects appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. In one case, volunteers were given LSD for 77 consecutive days.^[23]

LSD was eventually dismissed by MK-ULTRA's researchers as too unpredictable in its results.[1] Although useful information was sometimes obtained through questioning subjects on LSD, not uncommonly the most marked effect would be the subject's absolute and utter certainty that they were able to withstand any form of interrogation attempt, even physical torture.

Other drugs

Another technique investigated was connecting a barbiturate IV into one arm and an amphetamine IV into the other.^[24] The barbiturates were released into the subject first, and as soon as the subject began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. The subject would begin babbling incoherently at this point, and it was sometimes possible to ask questions and get useful answers.

Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used under code name MK-SEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, and sodium pentothal.^[25]

Hypnosis

Declassified MK-ULTRA documents indicate hypnosis was studied in the early 1950s. Experimental goals included: the creation of "hypnotically induced anxieties," "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter," studying hypnosis and polygraph examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects," and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis."^[26]

[edit] Canadian experiments

The experiments were exported to Canada when the CIA recruited Scottish physician Donald Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found particularly interesting. Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and reprogramming the psyche. He commuted from Albany, New York to Montreal every week to work at the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKULTRA experiments there. In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "driving" experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements. His experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered permanently from his actions.^[27] His treatments resulted in victims' incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents.^[28] His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist Dr William Sargant at St Thomas' Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Surrey, who was also involved in the Intelligence Services and who experimented extensively on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage.^[29] Dr. Cameron and Dr. Sargant are the only two identified Canadian experimenters, but the MKULTRA file makes reference to many other unnamed physicians who were recruited by the CIA.^{[citation needed]}

It was during this era that Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of the World Psychiatric Association as well as president of the American and Canadian psychiatric associations. Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal in 1946-47.^[30]

Revelation

In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MK-ULTRA impossible.

In December 1974, The New York Times reported that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report prompted investigations by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI, and intelligence-related agencies of the military.

In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject had died after administration of LSD. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKULTRA was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973.^[31] However, it contained little detail.

The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church, concluded that "[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects". The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers ... call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments."

Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President Gerald Ford in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. Subsequent orders by Presidents Carter and Reagan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation.

On the heels of the revelations about CIA experiments, similar stories surfaced regarding U.S. Army experiments. In 1975 the Secretary of the Army instructed the Army Inspector General to conduct an investigation. Among the findings of the Inspector General was the existence of a 1953 memorandum penned by then Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Documents show that the CIA participated in at least two of Department of Defense committees during 1952. These committee findings led to the issuance of the "Wilson Memo," which mandated—in accord with Nuremberg Code protocols—that only volunteers be used for experimental operations conducted in the U.S. armed forces. In response to the Inspector General's investigation, the Wilson Memo was declassified in August 1975.

With regard to drug testing within the Army, the Inspector General found that "the evidence clearly reflected that every possible medical consideration was observed by the professional investigators at the Medical Research Laboratories." However the Inspector General also found that the mandated requirements of Wilson's 1953 memorandum had been only partially adhered to; he concluded that the "volunteers were not fully informed, as required, prior to their participation; and the methods of procuring their services, in many cases, appeared not to have been in accord with the intent of Department of the Army policies governing use of volunteers in research."

Other branches of the U.S. armed forces, the Air Force for example, were found not to have adhered to Wilson Memo stipulations regarding voluntary drug testing.

In 1977, during a hearing held by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, to look further into MKULTRA, Admiral Stansfield Turner, then Director of Central Intelligence, revealed that the CIA had found a set of records, consisting of about 20,000 pages,^[32] that had survived the 1973 destruction orders, due to having been stored at a records center not usually used for such documents.^[31] These files dealt with the financing of MKULTRA projects, and as such contained few details of those projects, but much more was learned from them than from the Inspector General's 1963 report.

In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a CBC news show, The Fifth Estate. It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Dr. Cameron's efforts, but perhaps even more shockingly, the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA as their U.S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government eventually settled out of court for $100,000 to each of the 127 victims. None of Dr. Cameron's personal records of his involvement with MKULTRA survive, since his family destroyed them after his death from a heart attack while mountain climbing in 1967.^[33]

U.S. General Accounting Office Report

The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.

The quote from the study:

... Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave hallucinogenic drugs to thousands of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950's and 1960's. In addition to LSD, the Army also tested quinuclidinyl benzilate, a hallucinogen code-named BZ. (Note 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-called MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program consisted of 149 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human subjects...^[34]

Deaths

Harold Blauer, a professional tennis player in New York City, died as a result of a secret Army experiment involving MDA.^[35]

Frank Olson, a United States Army biochemist and biological weapons researcher, was given LSD without his knowledge or consent in 1953 as part of a CIA experiment, and died under suspicious circumstances (initially labeled suicide) a week later following a severe psychotic episode. A CIA doctor assigned to monitor Olson's recovery claimed to be asleep in another bed in a New York City hotel room when Olson jumped through the window to fall ten stories to his death.^[36]

Olson's son disputes this version of events, and maintains that his father was murdered due to the belief that he was going to divulge his knowledge of the top-secret interrogation program code-named Project ARTICHOKE.^[37] Frank Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, and cranial injuries indicated Olson had been knocked unconscious before exiting the window.^[38]

The CIA's own internal investigation, by contrast, claimed Gottlieb had conducted the experiment with Olson's prior knowledge, although neither Olson nor the other men taking part in the experiment were informed as to the exact nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The report further suggested that Gottlieb was nonetheless due a reprimand, as he had failed to take into account Olsen's already-diagnosed suicidal tendencies, which might well have been exacerbated by the LSD.^[36]

Legal issues involving informed consent

The revelations about the CIA and the Army prompted a number of subjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal government for conducting illegal experiments. Although the government aggressively, and sometimes successfully, sought to avoid legal liability, several plaintiffs did receive compensation through court order, out-of-court settlement, or acts of Congress. Frank Olson's family received $750,000 by a special act of Congress, and both President Ford and CIA director William Colby met with Olson's family to publicly apologize.

Previously, the CIA and the Army had actively and successfully sought to withhold incriminating information, even as they secretly provided compensation to the families. One subject of Army drug experimentation, James Stanley, an Army sergeant, brought an important, albeit unsuccessful, suit. The government argued that Stanley was barred from suing under a legal doctrine—known as the Feres doctrine, after a 1950 Supreme Court case, Feres v. United States—that prohibits members of the Armed Forces from suing the government for any harms that were inflicted "incident to service."

In 1987, the Supreme Court affirmed this defense in a 5–4 decision that dismissed Stanley's case.^[39] The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters." In dissent, Justice William Brennan argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of constitutional rights:

The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented with human subjects... . [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials ... began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD.

Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing a separate dissent, stated:

No judicially crafted rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing human experimentation alleged to have occurred in this case. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role in the criminal prosecution of Nazi officials who experimented with human subjects during the Second World War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential ... to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts.' If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators.

This is the only Supreme Court case to address the application of the Nuremberg Code to experimentation sponsored by the U.S. government. And while the suit was unsuccessful, dissenting opinions put the Army—and by association the entire government—on notice that use of individuals without their consent is unacceptable. The limited application of the Nuremberg Code in U.S. courts does not detract from the power of the principles it espouses, especially in light of stories of failure to follow these principles that appeared in the media and professional literature during the 1960s and 1970s and the policies eventually adopted in the mid-1970s.

In another law suit, Wayne Ritchie, a former United States Marshall, alleged the CIA laced his food or drink with LSD at a 1957 Christmas party. While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent, U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel found Ritchie could not prove he was one of the victims of MKULTRA and dismissed the case in 2007.^[40]

Extent of participation

Forty-four American colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like including Sandoz (currently Novartis) and Eli Lilly & Co., 12 hospitals or clinics (in addition to those associated with universities), and 3 prisons are known to have participated in MKULTRA.^[41][42]

Notable subjects

A considerable amount of credible circumstantial evidence suggests that Theodore Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, participated in CIA-sponsored MK-ULTRA experiments conducted at Harvard University from the fall of 1959 through the spring of 1962. During World War II, Henry Murray, the lead researcher in the Harvard experiments, served with the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which was a forerunner of the CIA. Murray applied for a grant funded by the United States Navy, and his Harvard stress experiments strongly resembled those run by the OSS.^[43] Beginning at the age of sixteen, Kaczynski participated along with twenty-one other undergraduate students in the Harvard experiments, which have been described as "disturbing" and "ethically indefensible."^[43][44]

Merry Prankster Ken Kesey, author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, volunteered for MK-ULTRA experiments while he was a student at Stanford University. Kesey's ingestion of LSD during these experiments led directly to his widespread promotion of the drug and the subsequent development of hippie culture.^[45]

Candy Jones, American fashion model and radio host, claimed to have been a victim of mind control in the '60s.^[46]

Infamous Irish mob boss James "Whitey" Bulger volunteered for testing while in prison.^[47]

Conspiracy theories

MK-ULTRA plays a part in many conspiracy theories given its nature and the destruction of most records.

Lawrence Teeter, attorney for convicted assassin Sirhan Sirhan, believed Sirhan was under the influence of hypnosis when he fired his weapon at Robert F. Kennedy in 1968. Teeter linked the CIA's MKULTRA program to mind control techniques that he claimed were used to control Sirhan.^[48]

Jonestown, the Guyana location of the Jim Jones cult and Peoples Temple mass suicide, was thought to be a test site for MKULTRA medical and mind control experiments after the official end of the program. Congressman Leo Ryan, a known critic of the CIA, was assassinated after he personally visited Jonestown to investigate various reported irregularities.^[49]

Popular culture

• MKULTRA is referenced in the plots of The Ambler Warning by Robert Ludlum, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe, Firestarter by Stephen King, Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace, Just a Couple of Days by Tony Vigorito, The Manchurian Candidate by Richard Condon, The Telling of Lies by Timothy Findley; and The Watchmen by John Altman; the films The Bourne Ultimatum, Conspiracy Theory, The Good Shepherd, and Jacob's Ladder; the television series Angel, The West Wing. The Lone Gunmen, Numb3rs, Bones, Quincy M.E. and The X-Files; the games Conspiracy X and The Suffering: Prison is Hell; the character Deathstroke the Terminator in the Teen Titans by DC Comics.
• The bands mk Ultra, MK-ULTRA, and a side project of Frank Tovey took their names from these projects. MKULTRA is also referenced by such musical artists as Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Canibus, Exit Clov, Fatboy Slim, Green Magnet School, Immortal Technique, The Manic Street Preachers, Muse, The Orb, Sirius Isness, Lustmord side project Terror Against Terror, Tokyo Police Club, and Unwound.
• MKULTRA also provides a name for a move by professional wrestler Sterling James Keenan and a strain of medical marijuana.

See also

Brainwashing CIA cryptonym CIA operations Human radiation experiments Louis Jolyon West Macy Conferences Project MKDELTA Project MKNAOMI

Operation Paperclip Project ARTICHOKE Project BLUEBIRD Project CHATTER Sidney Gottlieb United States v. Stanley William Sargant

Footnotes

1. ^ Richelson, JT (ed.) (2001-09-10). "Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book". George Washington University. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/. Retrieved on 2009-06-12.
2. ^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. http://www.hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html. Retrieved on 2005-08-24.
3. ^ "The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence". Church Committee report, no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess.. Washington, D.C..: United States Congress. 1976. 392. http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/html/ChurchB1_0200b.htm.
4. ^ "An Interview with Richard Helms". Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-05-08. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v44i4a07p_0021.htm. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
5. ^ "Interview with Victor Marchetti". http://www.skepticfiles.org/socialis/marcheti.htm. Retrieved on 2009-08-22.
6. ^ Cannon, M (1992). "Mind Control and the American Government". Lobster Magazine 23.
7. ^ "Opening Remarks by Senator Ted Kennedy". U.S. Senate Select Committee On Intelligence, and Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research of the Committee On Human Resources. 1977-08-03. http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/e1950/mkultra/Hearing01.htm.
8. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4443934.stm
9. ^ http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/NaziMedEx.html
10. ^ Church Committee; p. 390 "MKULTRA was approved by the DCI [Director of Central Intelligence] on April 13, 1953"
11. ^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html. Retrieved on August 24 2005. "MKULTRA, began in 1950 and was motivated largely in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean uses of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea."
12. ^ Church Committee; p. 391 "A special procedure, designated MKDELTA, was established to govern the use of MKULTRA materials abroad. Such materials were used on a number of occasions."
13. ^ Church Committee; "The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church, concluded that '[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects.'"
14. ^ Price, David (June 2007). "Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA" (PDF). Anthropology Today 23 (3): 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2007.00510.x. https://secure.wikileaks.org/w/images/AT-june07-Price-PT1.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-04-13.
15. ^ http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/e1950/mkultra/Hearing05.htm, retrieved 25 April 2008
16. ^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html. Retrieved on August 24 2005. (identical sentence) "Because most of the MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 ... MK-ULTRA and the related CIA programs."
17. ^ "Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix C--Documents Referring to Subprojects, (page 167, in PDF document page numbering)." (pdf). Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources. August 3, 1977. http://www.arts.rpi.edu/~pellr/lansberry/mkultra.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-08-22.
18. ^ Ranelagh, John (March 1988). The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. Sceptre. pp. 208–210. ISBN 0-340-41230-5.
19. ^ Declassified
20. ^ Mind Control and the Secret State
21. ^ Declassified
22. ^ Marks, John (1979). The Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. pp. 106–7. ISBN 0-8129-0773-6.
23. ^ NPR Fresh Air. June 28, 2007 and Tim Weiner, The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA.
24. ^ Marks 1979: pp 40-42.
25. ^ Marks 1979: chapters 3 and 7.
26. ^ Declassified
27. ^ Marks 1979: pp 140-150.
28. ^ Turbide, Diane (1997-04-21). "Dr. Cameron’s Casualties". http://www.ect.org/dr-camerons-casualties/. Retrieved on 2007-09-09.
29. ^ Collins, Anne ([1988] 1998). In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada. Toronto: Key Porter Books. pp. 39, 42–3, 133. ISBN 1550139320.
30. ^ Marks 1979: p 141.
31. ^ ^{a b} Prepared Statement of Admiral Stansfield Turner, Director of Central Intelligence
32. ^ Government Mind Control Records of MKULTRA & Bluebird/Artichoke
33. ^ HistoryOnAir Podcast 98 - MKULTRA
34. ^ Quote from "Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans Health? Lessons Spanning Half A Century", part F. HALLUCINOGENS 103rd Congress, 2nd Session-S. Prt. 103-97; Staff Report prepared for the committee on veterans' affairs December 8, 1994 John D. Rockefeller IV, West Virginia, Chairman. Online copy provided by gulfweb.org, which describes itself as "Serving the Gulf War Veteran Community Worldwide Since 1994". (The same document is available from many other (unofficial) sites, which may or may not be independent.)
35. ^ Marks 1979: p 72n.
36. ^ ^{a b} Marks 1979: chapter 5.
37. ^ Olson, E (2002-08-22). "Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson". http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement2002.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.
38. ^ Ronson, Jon (2004). The Men Who Stare at Goats. Picador. ISBN 0-330-37548-2.
39. ^ United States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669 (1987)
40. ^ "Ritchie v. United States of America: United States District Court, Northern District of California No. C 00-3940 MHP. Findings of Fact and Conclusion of Law Re: Motion for Judgment on Partial Findings" (pdf). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Ritchie.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.
41. ^ Book Review: Search for the Manchurian Candidate by John Marks
42. ^ CIA Off Campus: Building the Movement Against Agency Recruitment and Research
43. ^ ^{a b} Chase, A (2000-06-01). "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 41-65. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/06/chase.htm. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.
44. ^ Cockburn, A; St Clair J (1999-10-18). "CIA Shrinks and LSD". CounterPunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/ciashrinks.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.
45. ^ Baker, Jeff (November 11, 2001). "All times a great artist, Ken Kesey is dead at age 66". The Oregonian: pp. A1.
46. ^ Bennett, C (2001-07-01). "Candy Jones: How a leading American fashion model came to be experimented upon by the CIA mind control team". Fortean Times. http://www.forteantimes.com/features/profiles/497/candy_jones.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.
47. ^ Bruno, A. "JAMES "WHITEY" BULGER". truetv.com. http://www.trutv.com//library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/mob_bosses/james_whitey_bulger/2.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.
48. ^ Teeter, Lawrence. "Interview with Sirhan's attorney Lawrence Teeter". KPFA 94.1/Guns & Butter show. http://www.kpfa.org/archives/index.php?arch=8965&page=2&type=.
49. ^ Meier, M (1989). Was Jonestown a CIA Medical Experiment?: A Review of the Evidence. New York: Edwin Mellen. ISBN 0-8894-6013-2.

Further reading

• "U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394". http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/contents.htm.
• "U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. August 3 1977". http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/e1950/mkultra/index.htm.

External links

• Short documentary about MKULTRA and the Frank Olson incident
• The Most Dangerous Game Downloadable 8 minute documentary by independent filmmakers GNN
• PDF scans of declassified MKULTRA Project Documents
• Interview of Alfred McCoy on CIA mind control research
• U.S. Supreme Court CIA v. SIMS, 471 U.S. 159 (1985) 471 U.S. 159
• U.S. Supreme Court UNITED STATES v. STANLEY, 483 U.S. 669 (1987) 483 U.S. 669